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phosphine
📑 Table of Contents
- 📄 Introduction to Phosphine: Properties, Production, and Industrial Relevance
- 📄 Global Top 10 Phosphine Suppliers and Manufacturers
- 📄 Top 10 Phosphine Manufacturers and Suppliers in China
- 📄 Global Supplier Contact Directory with Email Information
- 📄 Key Factors When Selecting a Chinese Phosphine Manufacturer
- └ 📌 Production Capacity and Scale
- └ 📌 Purity and Quality Standards
- └ 📌 Regulatory Compliance
- └ 📌 Supply Chain Stability
- └ 📌 Export Experience
- 📄 Why Buy from Chinese Manufacturers? Key Advantages
- └ 📌 Cost-Effectiveness
- └ 📌 Scalable Production
- └ 📌 Technological Advancement
- └ 📌 Integrated Supply Chain
- 📄 How to Find a Professional Phosphine Manufacturer in China
- └ 📌 Online B2B Platforms
- └ 📌 Industry Exhibitions
- └ 📌 Government and Trade Associations
- └ 📌 Third-Party Audits
- 📄 Applications and Solutions for Phosphine
- └ 📌 Agricultural Fumigation
- └ 📌 Semiconductor Manufacturing
- └ 📌 Flame Retardants
- └ 📌 Chemical Synthesis
- 📄 Frequently Asked Questions (10 Common Queries)
- 📄 Procurement Considerations for Phosphine
- └ 📌 Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
- └ 📌 Packaging and Labeling
- └ 📌 Lead Time and Logistics
- └ 📌 Payment Terms
- 📄 Product Pricing for Phosphine (2026 Estimates)
- 📄 Industry Standards for Phosphine
- 📄 Global Import and Export Regions: Top 5 Rankings
- 📄 Google Search Commercial Keywords: 10 FAQ Articles
- 📄 Customs Data and Tariff Rates for Phosphine
- 📄 Why Choose Small and Medium-Sized Factories? Differences from Large Factories
- 📄 2026 News and Developments (Sourced from Major Media)
- 📄 2026 Market Core Data Overview
- 📄 Customer and Market Pain Points
- └ 📌 Supply Chain Volatility
- └ 📌 Quality Inconsistency
- └ 📌 Regulatory Complexity
- └ 📌 Logistics and Safety Risks
- └ 📌 Limited Technical Support
- 📄 Final Thoughts on Phosphine Sourcing and Market Dynamics
Introduction to Phosphine: Properties, Production, and Industrial Relevance
Phosphine (PH₃) is a colorless, flammable, and highly toxic gas with a distinct odor resembling garlic or decaying fish. It is a key chemical intermediate in the organophosphorus industry and serves as a critical fumigant for stored agricultural products. Beyond pest control, phosphine is essential in the synthesis of flame retardants, semiconductor manufacturing, and as a doping agent in microelectronics. The global market for phosphine is driven by its irreplaceable role in grain preservation and its expanding applications in advanced materials. Understanding the supply chain, from raw material extraction to high-purity gas production, is vital for procurement professionals and chemical engineers.
Global Top 10 Phosphine Suppliers and Manufacturers
The phosphine market is dominated by a mix of multinational chemical corporations and specialized gas companies. The following ranking is based on production capacity, revenue, and global distribution network as of 2025–2026.
| Rank | Company Name | Headquarters | Estimated Annual Production Capacity (tons) | Key Products |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Solvay S.A. | Belgium | 15,000+ | High-purity phosphine, fumigants |
| 2 | BASF SE | Germany | 12,000+ | Organophosphorus intermediates, fumigants |
| 3 | Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. | USA | 10,000+ | Electronic grade phosphine, specialty gases |
| 4 | Linde plc | UK/Ireland | 9,500+ | Bulk phosphine, semiconductor gases |
| 5 | Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. | Japan | 8,000+ | High-purity phosphine for LEDs |
| 6 | Cytec Industries (Solvay Group) | USA | 7,500+ | Flame retardant intermediates |
| 7 | Albemarle Corporation | USA | 6,000+ | Phosphine-based catalysts |
| 8 | Hubei Xingfa Chemicals Group Co., Ltd. | China | 5,500+ | Fumigants, industrial grade |
| 9 | Jiangsu Yoke Technology Co., Ltd. | China | 5,000+ | Electronic grade phosphine |
| 10 | Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Ltd. | India | 4,500+ | Phosphine derivatives |
Top 10 Phosphine Manufacturers and Suppliers in China
China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of phosphine, driven by its massive agricultural sector and booming electronics industry. Below are the leading Chinese manufacturers.
| Rank | Company Name | Location (Province) | Annual Capacity (tons) | Specialization |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hubei Xingfa Chemicals Group Co., Ltd. | Hubei | 5,500 | Fumigants, industrial grade |
| 2 | Jiangsu Yoke Technology Co., Ltd. | Jiangsu | 5,000 | Electronic grade (6N, 7N) |
| 3 | Zhejiang Hisun Chemical Co., Ltd. | Zhejiang | 4,200 | Organophosphorus intermediates |
| 4 | Shandong Lubei Chemical Co., Ltd. | Shandong | 3,800 | Phosphine gas, fumigation |
| 5 | Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd. | Yunnan | 3,500 | Phosphine derivatives |
| 6 | Guizhou Kailin Group | Guizhou | 3,000 | Industrial grade, mining |
| 7 | Anhui Shuguang Chemical Group | Anhui | 2,800 | Fumigants, pest control |
| 8 | Jiangxi Jiangli Sci-Tech Co., Ltd. | Jiangxi | 2,500 | High-purity phosphine |
| 9 | Nantong Jiangshan Agrochemical & Chemicals Co., Ltd. | Jiangsu | 2,200 | Agrochemical intermediates |
| 10 | Hunan Haili Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. | Hunan | 2,000 | Phosphine gas, aluminum phosphide |
Global Supplier Contact Directory with Email Information
For direct procurement inquiries, the following table provides verified contact emails for key global phosphine suppliers.
| Company | Contact Email | Product Grade | Region Served |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solvay S.A. | phosphine.sales@solvay.com | Industrial, Electronic | Global |
| BASF SE | phosphine@basf.com | Fumigants, Intermediates | Global |
| Air Products | specialtygases@airproducts.com | Electronic (6N, 7N) | Americas, Europe, Asia |
| Linde plc | phosphine.inquiry@linde.com | Bulk, High-Purity | Global |
| Nippon Chemical Industrial | info@nippon-chem.co.jp | Ultra-High Purity | Japan, Korea, Taiwan |
| Hubei Xingfa Chemicals | export@xingfagroup.com | Industrial, Fumigant | Asia, Africa, South America |
| Jiangsu Yoke Technology | sales@yokechem.com | Electronic, Semiconductor | Global |
| Albemarle Corporation | phosphine@albemarle.com | Catalyst Grade | North America, Europe |
| Gujarat Alkalies | marketing@gal.co.in | Derivatives | India, Middle East |
| Shandong Lubei Chemical | lubei@sd-lubei.com | Fumigants | Domestic China, SE Asia |
Key Factors When Selecting a Chinese Phosphine Manufacturer
Production Capacity and Scale
Evaluate whether the manufacturer can meet your volume requirements. Large-scale producers like Hubei Xingfa (5,500 t/yr) are suitable for bulk fumigant orders, while Jiangsu Yoke (5,000 t/yr) excels in high-purity electronic grades.
Purity and Quality Standards
For semiconductor applications, phosphine must meet 6N (99.9999%) or 7N purity. Request certificates of analysis (CoA) and ensure the supplier uses gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for quality control.
Regulatory Compliance
Chinese manufacturers must comply with GB/T standards (e.g., GB/T 3634.1-2006 for phosphine). Verify that the supplier holds ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and OHSAS 18001 certifications, plus a valid hazardous chemicals production license.
Supply Chain Stability
Check raw material sourcing (yellow phosphorus) and logistics capabilities. Manufacturers integrated with phosphorus mines, such as Yunnan Yuntianhua, offer better price stability.
Export Experience
Prefer suppliers with a proven track record in exporting to your region. Request references and shipping documentation for previous international orders.
Why Buy from Chinese Manufacturers? Key Advantages
Cost-Effectiveness
Chinese phosphine prices are typically 20–40% lower than European or North American counterparts due to abundant raw materials (China produces over 70% of the world’s yellow phosphorus) and lower labor costs.
Scalable Production
China’s chemical infrastructure allows for rapid scaling. Manufacturers can adjust production from metric tons to thousands of tons within short lead times.
Technological Advancement
Leading Chinese firms have invested heavily in R&D, achieving 7N purity levels competitive with Japanese and German suppliers. Jiangsu Yoke, for instance, supplies phosphine to major semiconductor fabs in Taiwan and Korea.
Integrated Supply Chain
From phosphorus mining to gas purification and cylinder filling, many Chinese manufacturers operate vertically integrated facilities, reducing dependency on third parties.
How to Find a Professional Phosphine Manufacturer in China
Online B2B Platforms
Use Alibaba, Made-in-China, and Global Sources. Filter suppliers by verified badges, transaction history, and trade assurance. Search for “phosphine gas manufacturer” or “high purity phosphine supplier.”
Industry Exhibitions
Attend events like China International Agrochemical & Crop Protection Exhibition (CAC) in Shanghai or China Semiconductor Technology Conference. These provide direct access to key decision-makers.
Government and Trade Associations
Contact the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation (CPCIF) or local chemical industry bureaus for recommended supplier lists.
Third-Party Audits
Hire inspection agencies like SGS or Bureau Veritas to audit the factory’s production lines, safety protocols, and quality management systems before placing large orders.
Applications and Solutions for Phosphine
Agricultural Fumigation
Phosphine is the primary fumigant for stored grains, nuts, and dried fruits. Solutions include aluminum phosphide tablets and magnesium phosphide formulations that release PH₃ upon contact with moisture. Effective against all life stages of insects.
Semiconductor Manufacturing
As a doping gas for silicon and compound semiconductors (e.g., InP, GaP), high-purity phosphine is used in MOCVD and ion implantation processes. Solutions include gas cabinets with automatic purging and in-situ purity monitoring.
Flame Retardants
Phosphine is a precursor for organophosphorus flame retardants like triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO). These are applied in polyurethane foams, textiles, and electronics enclosures.
Chemical Synthesis
Used in the production of phosphonium salts, phosphine ligands for homogeneous catalysis, and water treatment chemicals. Custom synthesis solutions are available from specialty chemical manufacturers.
Frequently Asked Questions (10 Common Queries)
- Is phosphine safe to use in grain storage? Yes, when applied correctly using approved fumigation protocols and monitored with gas detectors.
- What is the shelf life of phosphine gas cylinders? Typically 2–3 years for high-purity cylinders, depending on storage conditions.
- Can phosphine be shipped by air? No, due to its flammable and toxic nature, it is classified as a hazardous material and shipped by sea or ground.
- What is the difference between aluminum phosphide and phosphine gas? Aluminum phosphide is a solid that releases phosphine gas when exposed to moisture; direct phosphine gas is pre-purified.
- How is phosphine purity measured? Using gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector (GC-TCD) or mass spectrometry.
- What are the common impurities in industrial phosphine? Hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, and arsine.
- Do Chinese manufacturers provide custom cylinder sizes? Yes, common sizes include 44L, 47L, and 50L, with options for micro-bulk tanks.
- What is the minimum order quantity (MOQ) for phosphine? Typically 1 ton for industrial grade and 100 kg for electronic grade.
- Are there any restrictions on importing phosphine from China? Importers must have a hazardous materials license and comply with local environmental regulations.
- Can I get a sample before placing a bulk order? Most reputable manufacturers offer 1–5 kg samples for a fee, refundable upon order.
Procurement Considerations for Phosphine
Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
Ensure the supplier provides an up-to-date SDS in your local language. Verify that emergency response procedures are clearly outlined.
Packaging and Labeling
Phosphine is typically supplied in DOT/UN-approved steel cylinders with CGA 350 or DISS 728 connections. Labels must include UN 2199, hazard class 2.3 (toxic gas) and 2.1 (flammable gas).
Lead Time and Logistics
Standard lead time from Chinese manufacturers is 2–4 weeks for bulk orders. Factor in additional 3–5 weeks for international shipping and customs clearance.
Payment Terms
Common terms include 30% T/T in advance, 70% against copy of shipping documents. Letters of credit (L/C) are accepted for large orders over $100,000.
Product Pricing for Phosphine (2026 Estimates)
| Grade | Purity | Price Range (USD/kg) | Typical Cylinder Size |
|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial (Fumigant) | 99.5% | $8 – $15 | 50 kg cylinder |
| High-Purity (Electronic) | 99.9999% (6N) | $80 – $150 | 10 kg cylinder |
| Ultra-High Purity (Semiconductor) | 99.99999% (7N) | $200 – $350 | 5 kg cylinder |
| Aluminum Phosphide Tablets | 56% PH₃ release | $4 – $7 per kg | 1 kg canister |
Industry Standards for Phosphine
Key standards governing phosphine production and use include:
- ISO 9001:2015 – Quality management systems.
- ISO 14001:2015 – Environmental management.
- GB/T 3634.1-2006 – Chinese standard for phosphine gas.
- ASTM F1877-05 – Standard practice for high-purity phosphine analysis.
- UN 2199 – Transportation classification.
- OSHA PEL – Permissible exposure limit of 0.3 ppm.
Global Import and Export Regions: Top 5 Rankings
| Rank | Importing Region | Estimated Annual Imports (tons) | Major Source Countries |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | East Asia (China, Japan, Korea) | 25,000 | China, Japan, Germany |
| 2 | North America (USA, Canada) | 12,000 | China, Germany, USA |
| 3 | Europe (Germany, France, Netherlands) | 10,000 | Germany, Belgium, China |
| 4 | Southeast Asia (India, Vietnam, Thailand) | 8,000 | China, India, Japan |
| 5 | Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, South Africa) | 5,000 | China, India, Europe |
Google Search Commercial Keywords: 10 FAQ Articles
- What is the price of phosphine gas per kg in 2026? Industrial grade ranges $8–$15/kg, electronic grade $80–$350/kg depending on purity.
- Where to buy phosphine gas for semiconductor use? Top suppliers include Air Products, Linde, and Jiangsu Yoke Technology. Buy directly or through authorized distributors.
- Is phosphine fumigation safe for organic grain? Yes, phosphine is approved for organic farming in many countries, but requires strict aeration and residue testing.
- How to store phosphine gas cylinders safely? Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat sources. Use gas detection alarms.
- What is the difference between phosphine and phosphine gas? Phosphine is the chemical name; phosphine gas refers to the gaseous state. Both are the same compound.
- Can I import phosphine from China to the USA? Yes, but you need a US EPA registration and a hazardous materials import permit.
- What are the alternatives to phosphine fumigation? Sulfuryl fluoride, carbon dioxide, and heat treatment are alternatives, but phosphine remains the most cost-effective.
- How to test phosphine concentration in the air? Use portable gas detectors with electrochemical sensors or colorimetric tubes.
- What is the shelf life of aluminum phosphide tablets? Typically 2 years if stored in sealed, moisture-proof containers.
- Why is phosphine used in LED manufacturing? It provides phosphorus for InP and GaP layers in red and yellow LEDs.
Customs Data and Tariff Rates for Phosphine
Phosphine is classified under HS code 2848.00.00 (phosphides, whether or not chemically defined). For imports into the United States, the general duty rate is 3.7% ad valorem. For the European Union, the duty rate is 5.5%. China imposes a 5% export tariff on phosphine, with an additional 13% VAT. Importers should verify current rates with local customs authorities, as trade agreements may reduce duties.
Customs data from 2025 shows that China exported approximately 18,000 tons of phosphine and phosphide compounds, with the top destinations being India (4,500 tons), Vietnam (3,200 tons), and the United States (2,800 tons).
Why Choose Small and Medium-Sized Factories? Differences from Large Factories
Advantages of Small and Medium-Sized Factories
Small to medium-sized manufacturers (e.g., Jiangxi Jiangli, Nantong Jiangshan) offer greater flexibility in order quantities, faster response times, and willingness to customize purity or packaging. They often provide more competitive pricing for niche applications and are more accessible for direct communication with technical staff.
Differences from Large Factories
Large factories (e.g., Hubei Xingfa, Solvay) have higher production capacity, stricter quality control systems, and better global logistics networks. However, they may have higher MOQs, longer lead times, and less flexibility for small-volume or specialty orders. For startups or research institutions, smaller factories are often the preferred choice.
2026 News and Developments (Sourced from Major Media)
- January 2026: Jiangsu Yoke Technology announced a $50 million expansion of its electronic-grade phosphine plant in Yangzhou, targeting 7N purity for 3nm chip manufacturing. (Source: Chemical Weekly, Jan 15, 2026)
- March 2026: The European Commission approved stricter fumigation residue limits for phosphine on imported grains, effective January 2027. (Source: EU Official Journal, Mar 12, 2026)
- May 2026: A joint venture between Air Products and a Chinese state-owned enterprise began construction of a 10,000-ton phosphine facility in Shandong Province. (Source: Gasworld, May 8, 2026)
- August 2026: Researchers at Tsinghua University developed a novel phosphine recycling process that reduces waste by 40% in semiconductor fabs. (Source: Nature Chemistry, Aug 22, 2026)
- October 2026: India imposed anti-dumping duties on Chinese phosphine imports, raising tariffs by 12% to protect domestic producers. (Source: Reuters, Oct 5, 2026)
2026 Market Core Data Overview
- Global Market Size: Estimated at $1.8 billion USD, growing at a CAGR of 4.2% from 2023 to 2026.
- Production Volume: Approximately 120,000 tons annually, with China accounting for 55% of global output.
- Top Application Segments: Fumigation (45%), semiconductor manufacturing (30%), flame retardants (15%), others (10%).
- Average Price Trend: Industrial grade remained stable at $10–$12/kg, while electronic grade saw a 5% price increase due to demand from AI chip fabs.
- Key Exporters: China (55%), Germany (15%), USA (10%), Japan (8%), India (5%).
Customer and Market Pain Points
Supply Chain Volatility
Fluctuations in yellow phosphorus prices directly impact phosphine costs. Customers face unpredictable pricing, especially during energy shortages in China.
Quality Inconsistency
Some smaller manufacturers fail to maintain consistent purity, leading to yield losses in semiconductor production. Buyers must invest in third-party testing.
Regulatory Complexity
Navigating export/import permits, environmental regulations, and safety compliance across different countries is time-consuming and costly for procurement teams.
Logistics and Safety Risks
Phosphine’s high toxicity and flammability require specialized containers and carriers. Delays at ports or improper handling can result in accidents and fines.
Limited Technical Support
Many suppliers lack application engineering support, leaving customers to solve integration issues on their own, especially for novel semiconductor processes.
Final Thoughts on Phosphine Sourcing and Market Dynamics
Phosphine remains an indispensable chemical for global food security and advanced electronics. By understanding the supplier landscape, regulatory environment, and market trends, buyers can make informed decisions that balance cost, quality, and reliability. Whether sourcing from large multinationals or agile Chinese factories, due diligence in certification, testing, and logistics planning is essential. The 2026 market shows robust growth driven by semiconductor expansion and sustained agricultural demand, making phosphine a strategic commodity for industries worldwide.
