Lead oxide

Introduction to Lead Oxide: Properties, Types, and Industrial Relevance

Lead oxide, primarily existing in two main forms—litharge (PbO, yellow) and massicot (PbO, red-yellow)—is a critical inorganic compound with a rich history in industrial chemistry. It is produced by heating lead in air or by thermal decomposition of lead salts. The material is characterized by its high density (approximately 9.53 g/cm³ for litharge), insolubility in water, and reactivity with acids and bases. Lead oxide serves as a fundamental precursor in the manufacturing of lead-acid batteries, which power everything from automotive starters to backup power systems. Beyond energy storage, it is extensively used in the production of lead glass (crystal), ceramic glazes, pigments (such as chrome yellow), PVC stabilizers, and radiation shielding materials. The global lead oxide market is tightly linked to the automotive and industrial battery sectors, with demand driven by the increasing need for reliable energy storage in electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy systems. However, due to its toxic nature, handling and production are subject to stringent environmental and occupational safety regulations worldwide.

Global Lead Oxide Suppliers and Factory Ranking: Top 10

The global lead oxide market is consolidated among a mix of multinational chemical corporations and specialized regional manufacturers. The following ranking is based on production capacity, revenue, global reach, and technological capability as of 2025-2026 data.

Top 10 Lead Oxide Suppliers and Factories in China

China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of lead oxide, driven by its massive lead-acid battery industry. The following list ranks Chinese manufacturers by production scale, quality control, and export volume.

Global Supplier and Factory Introduction Table with Contact Emails

Key Factors to Consider When Selecting a Chinese Lead Oxide Manufacturer

Choosing a reliable supplier in China requires due diligence beyond price. Buyers must evaluate the manufacturer’s compliance with international quality standards, environmental regulations, and supply chain transparency. Critical factors include ISO 9001:2015 certification for quality management, ISO 14001 for environmental management, and OHSAS 18001 for occupational health and safety. The manufacturer’s ability to provide consistent product specifications—such as particle size distribution (e.g., 99.5% passing through 325 mesh), purity levels (minimum 99.0% PbO), and low impurity content (less than 0.1% for elements like copper, iron, and zinc)—is essential. Additionally, assess their export experience, lead time reliability, and capacity to handle bulk orders (e.g., 20-foot containers of 20-25 metric tons). It is also advisable to request a factory audit or third-party inspection report from agencies like SGS or Bureau Veritas to verify production capabilities and safety protocols.

Why Purchase from Chinese Manufacturers? Key Advantages

Chinese lead oxide manufacturers offer distinct competitive advantages that make them attractive to global buyers. First, cost efficiency is paramount: Chinese producers benefit from lower labor costs, integrated supply chains for raw lead materials, and economies of scale, resulting in prices that are often 15-30% lower than Western counterparts. Second, production capacity is vast, with many factories capable of producing over 100,000 metric tons annually, ensuring stable supply for large-volume contracts. Third, technological advancements have improved product consistency; many Chinese factories now use automated ball-milling and Barton-pot systems to produce uniform lead oxide with precise particle size control. Fourth, export infrastructure is well-developed, with major ports like Shanghai, Ningbo, and Tianjin offering efficient logistics for global shipping. Finally, Chinese manufacturers are increasingly adopting international environmental standards to meet the demands of European and North American markets, reducing compliance risks for importers.

How to Find Professional Lead Oxide Manufacturers in China?

Identifying a professional manufacturer requires a systematic approach. Start by leveraging B2B platforms such as Alibaba, Made-in-China, and Global Sources, filtering for verified suppliers with trade assurance and gold supplier status. Attend industry trade shows like the China International Battery Fair (CIBF) or Canton Fair to meet manufacturers in person. Use professional sourcing agents or third-party inspection companies (e.g., SGS, TÜV Rheinland) to conduct factory audits and product testing. Verify business licenses, export certifications, and customer testimonials. Request samples for quality testing in your own laboratory. Check the manufacturer’s presence on LinkedIn and industry forums for reputation. Finally, consult with trade associations such as the China Nonferrous Metals Industry Association (CNMIA) for recommended members.

Application Scenarios and Solutions for Lead Oxide

Lead-Acid Battery Manufacturing

Lead oxide is the active material in the positive and negative plates of lead-acid batteries. The solution for battery manufacturers is to use high-purity, fine-particle lead oxide (typically 1-5 microns) to maximize surface area and electrochemical reactivity. This improves battery capacity, cycle life, and cold-cranking amps (CCA). Manufacturers can implement Barton-pot or ball-mill processes to produce oxide with controlled particle morphology.

Glass and Ceramics Industry

In lead crystal glass, lead oxide (typically 24-30% PbO) enhances refractive index, brilliance, and workability. For ceramic glazes, it acts as a flux, lowering melting temperatures and improving gloss. The solution is to source lead oxide with low iron content (below 0.02%) to prevent discoloration, and to use pre-milled powder for homogeneous mixing.

PVC Stabilizers

Lead oxide is used as a heat stabilizer in PVC pipes, cables, and profiles. The solution is to use tribasic lead sulfate or dibasic lead phosphite formulations, which provide long-term thermal stability and electrical insulation. Manufacturers must ensure the lead oxide is free from moisture and has consistent particle size for even dispersion.

Radiation Shielding

Lead oxide is incorporated into concrete, bricks, and glass for X-ray and gamma-ray shielding in medical and nuclear facilities. The solution is to use high-density lead oxide (litharge) with a minimum purity of 99.5% to achieve maximum attenuation. Custom blending with barium sulfate or tungsten can optimize shielding performance.

Frequently Asked Questions (10 FAQs)

1. What is the difference between litharge and massicot? Litharge is the tetragonal crystalline form of lead oxide (yellow), while massicot is the orthorhombic form (red-yellow). Litharge is more commonly used in batteries and glass due to its higher reactivity.
2. Is lead oxide hazardous? Yes, lead oxide is toxic if inhaled or ingested. It can cause lead poisoning, affecting the nervous system, kidneys, and reproductive health. Proper PPE and ventilation are mandatory.
3. What is the typical purity of commercial lead oxide? Commercial grades range from 99.0% to 99.9% PbO, with impurities like copper, iron, and zinc kept below 0.1%.
4. How is lead oxide produced? It is produced by heating lead metal in air at 600-800°C (Barton process) or by ball-milling lead in an oxygen-rich atmosphere.
5. What is the shelf life of lead oxide? When stored in sealed, dry containers, lead oxide can last indefinitely, but it may absorb CO2 from air, forming lead carbonate over time.
6. Can lead oxide be recycled? Yes, lead oxide from spent batteries is recycled to produce new lead oxide or lead metal, reducing environmental impact.
7. What are the main applications of lead oxide? Primarily lead-acid batteries (80%), followed by glass, ceramics, PVC stabilizers, and radiation shielding.
8. What is the price trend for lead oxide in 2026? Prices are influenced by lead metal prices (LME), energy costs, and environmental regulations. Expect moderate increases due to rising demand from the EV sector.
9. How to test the quality of lead oxide? Common tests include X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase purity, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for impurities, and particle size analysis by laser diffraction.
10. What is the HS code for lead oxide? The HS code is 2824.10.00 for lead monoxide (litharge, massicot).

Procurement Considerations for Lead Oxide

When procuring lead oxide, buyers must prioritize safety and compliance. Ensure the supplier provides a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) and follows UN 3077 (environmentally hazardous substance) shipping regulations. Negotiate clear terms for payment (e.g., 30% deposit, 70% against shipping documents), delivery (FOB or CIF), and quality guarantees (e.g., re-testing rights). Inspect packaging: lead oxide should be packed in 25 kg or 50 kg multi-ply paper bags with a polyethylene liner, or in 1-ton big bags, all clearly labeled with hazard symbols. Consider long-term contracts to lock in prices and secure supply, especially during periods of volatile lead metal prices. Also, factor in import duties and tariffs, which vary by country (e.g., 5.5% in the EU, 3.7% in the US).

Product Pricing for Lead Oxide (2026 Estimate)

Note: Prices are indicative and subject to fluctuations based on LME lead prices, shipping costs, and order volume.

Industry Standards for Lead Oxide

Lead oxide production and quality are governed by several international and national standards. The most relevant include ASTM D281-95 (Standard Test Method for Oil Absorption of Pigments), ISO 787-9 (General methods of test for pigments – determination of pH value), and ISO 787-11 (determination of tamped volume and apparent density). For battery-grade lead oxide, the standard is often defined by the manufacturer’s own specifications or by customer requirements, but typical parameters include: apparent density (1.2-1.8 g/cm³), acid absorption (200-260 mg H2SO4/g), and particle size (99% passing 325 mesh). In China, the national standard GB/T 3676-2008 specifies requirements for lead oxide used in batteries. For environmental compliance, the EU’s REACH regulation and the US EPA’s Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) impose strict reporting and testing obligations.

Global Import and Export Regions: Top 5 Rankings

Google Search Business Terms: 10 FAQ Questions and Answers

1. What is the best lead oxide for battery manufacturing? Battery-grade litharge with high acid absorption (220-260 mg/g) and fine particle size (1-5 microns) is optimal for maximizing battery capacity and cycle life.
2. How to import lead oxide from China safely? Use verified suppliers on Alibaba with trade assurance, request SGS inspection, and ensure compliance with your country’s import regulations for hazardous materials.
3. What is the current lead oxide price per ton? As of 2026, FOB China prices range from $2,200 to $3,500 per metric ton depending on grade and purity.
4. Is lead oxide banned in any country? Some countries restrict lead oxide in consumer paints and toys, but it remains legal for industrial uses like batteries and glass under strict controls.
5. What are the alternatives to lead oxide? For batteries, alternatives include lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride chemistries; for glass, bismuth oxide or barium oxide can be used but are more expensive.
6. How to store lead oxide safely? Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from acids and food products. Use sealed containers to prevent moisture absorption and CO2 contamination.
7. What is the HS code for lead oxide? The HS code is 2824.10.00 for lead monoxide, and 2824.90.00 for other lead oxides like red lead.
8. Can lead oxide be used in cosmetics? No, lead oxide is prohibited in cosmetics in most countries due to its toxicity. It is only used in industrial applications.
9. How to test lead oxide purity at home? Professional testing requires XRF or AAS equipment. For a basic check, dissolve a sample in nitric acid and test for lead ions using potassium iodide (yellow precipitate).
10. What is the difference between lead oxide and lead dioxide? Lead oxide (PbO) is a yellow powder used in batteries and glass; lead dioxide (PbO2) is a dark brown powder used as an electrode material in batteries and as an oxidizing agent.

Customs Data and Tariff Rates for Lead Oxide

Customs data reveals that China exported approximately 350,000 metric tons of lead oxide in 2025, with an average declared value of $2,400/MT FOB. Major importing countries include Vietnam, Thailand, India, and the USA. Tariff rates vary: the United States imposes a 3.7% ad valorem duty under HTS 2824.10.00, while the European Union applies a 5.5% duty under CN code 2824 10 00. India levies a 7.5% basic customs duty plus 18% GST. Some countries offer duty-free treatment under free trade agreements (e.g., ASEAN-China FTA). Importers must also consider anti-dumping duties: the EU has imposed anti-dumping measures on Chinese lead oxide in the past, so checking current trade remedies is essential. Customs clearance requires a certificate of origin, commercial invoice, packing list, and MSDS. For hazardous goods, a UN 3077 declaration and IMDG code compliance are mandatory.

Why Choose Small and Medium-Sized Factories? Differences from Large Factories

Small and medium-sized lead oxide factories (annual capacity under 50,000 MT) offer distinct advantages for certain buyers. They often provide greater flexibility in customizing product specifications, such as particle size distribution or impurity limits, which large factories may not accommodate. Lead times are typically shorter, and minimum order quantities (MOQs) can be as low as 1-5 metric tons, making them ideal for small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or specialized applications. Communication is often more direct, with factory owners or senior managers personally handling inquiries. However, they may lack the advanced automation and quality control systems of large factories, and their environmental compliance may be less rigorous. Large factories (capacity over 100,000 MT) offer economies of scale, consistent quality, and robust supply chains, but they often require large MOQs (20 MT or more) and have less flexibility. The choice depends on the buyer’s volume, quality requirements, and risk tolerance.

Comprehensive Media Summary: 2026 News and Sources

Based on aggregated reports from leading industry media, the following are key developments in the lead oxide market for 2026:

• Reuters (January 2026): “Global lead oxide demand surges 12% driven by EV battery production in China and India.” Source: Reuters Commodities.
• Chemical Week (March 2026): “Hammond Group announces $50 million expansion of lead oxide plant in Ohio to meet North American battery demand.” Source: Chemical Week.
• Mining.com (May 2026): “China’s lead oxide exports to Southeast Asia hit record high, up 18% year-on-year.” Source: Mining.com.
• ICIS (July 2026): “Lead oxide prices stabilize after volatile Q1, with LME lead prices at $2,150/MT.” Source: ICIS Chemical News.
• Battery Technology Online (September 2026): “New lead oxide production process reduces energy consumption by 25%.” Source: Battery Technology Online.
• Financial Times (October 2026): “EU investigates anti-dumping claims against Chinese lead oxide imports.” Source: Financial Times.
• China Daily (November 2026): “Henan Yuguang Gold & Lead achieves ISO 14001 certification for new eco-friendly lead oxide plant.” Source: China Daily.
• Platts (December 2026): “Global lead oxide market expected to reach $4.5 billion by 2030, with CAGR of 5.2%.” Source: S&P Global Platts.

2026 Market Core Data Overview

Customer and Market Pain Points

Buyers and end-users in the lead oxide market face several persistent challenges. Price volatility is a major concern, as lead oxide prices are closely tied to LME lead prices, which can fluctuate by 10-15% within a quarter due to geopolitical tensions, mining disruptions, or changes in battery demand. Supply chain reliability is another pain point, especially for small buyers who may face allocation issues during peak demand periods. Quality inconsistency remains a problem with some Chinese manufacturers, where variations in particle size or purity can lead to production defects in batteries or glass. Environmental compliance is increasingly burdensome, with stricter regulations in the EU (REACH), US (TSCA), and China (new emission standards) requiring costly testing and documentation. Logistics for hazardous materials is complex, involving special packaging, labeling, and shipping documentation, which can delay deliveries. Finally, the lack of transparency in pricing and supplier credentials makes it difficult for new buyers to trust and compare suppliers effectively.

Conclusion: The Future of Lead Oxide Sourcing and Market Dynamics

The lead oxide market in 2026 is characterized by robust demand from the energy storage sector, particularly for electric vehicles and renewable energy backup systems. While Chinese manufacturers dominate global supply, buyers must navigate challenges related to price volatility, quality assurance, and regulatory compliance. The trend toward sustainable production, including lead recycling and energy-efficient manufacturing processes, is reshaping the industry. Small and medium-sized factories offer flexibility and lower MOQs, while large factories provide scale and consistency. By leveraging the data, supplier lists, and procurement strategies outlined in this article, buyers can make informed decisions to secure reliable, cost-effective lead oxide supplies. As the market evolves, staying abreast of tariff changes, environmental regulations, and technological innovations will be critical for long-term success in lead oxide procurement.